dsm panic attack criteria

dsm panic attack criteria

Alcoholism

Classification
Alcohol and Health
The short term effects of alcohol
The long-term alcohol
Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcohol and cancer
Alcohol and weight
Alcohol Syndrome fetal
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Alcoholism
Blackout (alcohol related amnesia)
The Wernicke-Korsakoff
Admission maximum recommended
Wine and Health
The definitions of terms related to alcoholism and vary significantly between the medical community, treatment programs, and the general public.
Medical definitions
The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Addiction and the American Society of Addiction Medicine defines alcoholism as a primary disease characterized by chronic deterioration control over drinking, preoccupation Alcohol, drugs, alcohol despite adverse consequences and distortions in thinking. "The DSM-IV (Diagnostic Manual psychiatry and psychology dominant) defines alcohol abuse as repeated use despite recurrent adverse consequences. It further defines alcohol dependence as alcohol abuse combined with tolerance, withdrawal, and an uncontrollable drive to drink. (See below the DSM diagnosis.) Within psychology and psychiatry, alcoholism is the popular term for alcohol dependence.
Terminology
Many terms are applied to the relationship of a drinker of alcohol. The use, misuse, heavy use, violence, drug abuse and addiction all labels are commonly used to describe patterns of consumption, but the real significance of these words can vary greatly depending on the context in which they are used. Even in the field of medicine, the definition can vary between areas of specialization. Because alcoholism is often used in a pejorative in politics and religion, the meaning of words surrounding often used imprecisely.
Use refers to the use of a simple substance. A person who drinks an alcoholic beverage is using alcohol. Abuse problem use, abuse and heavy refers to the abuse of alcohol can cause physical, social, moral or damage to water.
Moderate consumption is defined by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans that no more than two drinks per day for men and more than one drink per day for women.
Risk factors
About 40 percent of those who begin drinking before age 14 developed dependence alcohol, while only 10 percent of those who did not start drinking until age 20 years or more developed alcohol problem in later life, although should be noted that correlation does not imply causality. Alcohol abuse during adolescence may cause long-term changes in the brain that makes it increase the risk of alcoholism in recent years, genetic factors influence also the age at onset of alcohol abuse and the risk of alcoholism.
The age of smoking initiation alcohol and genetic factors are associated with an increased risk of developing alcoholism. People who have a preexisting vulnerability alcoholism are also more likely to start drinking earlier than average. The risk behaviors associated with adolescence promotes consumption excessive alcohol. Age and genetic factors influence risk of neurotoxicity of alcohol. Features genetic influence the risk of developing alcoholism is associated with a family history of alcoholism. An article found consumption of alcohol at an early age may directly affect the risk of developing alcoholism, by influencing the expression of genes that increase the risk of alcohol dependence. He speculated that the increased risk may be due to the high sensitivity development of the adolescent brain that leads to modulation of the genetic status of the brain that in turn prepares the youth at risk higher dependency on alcohol. About 40 percent of alcoholics drank later in adolescence. Most alcoholics develop alcoholism in adolescence or adulthood. Severe childhood trauma is also associated with an increased risk of alcohol problems or other drugs. It is proved that a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors such as stressful events influence children's risk develop alcoholism. The genes that influence alcohol metabolism also influence the risk of alcoholism. colleagues and good support family is associated with a lower risk of developing alcoholism.
Signs and symptoms
Effects of violence in the long-term alcohol
Main article: The long-term alcohol
The most important potential long-term ethanol. In addition, pregnant women, what causes fetal alcohol syndrome.
The main effect of alcoholism is to encourage the victim to drink at times and in quantities that are harmful to physical health. secondary damage caused by the inability to control their consumption manifests itself in several ways. Alcoholism also has serious social costs for alcoholics and their family and friends. Alcoholism can have adverse health causes mental disorders psychiatric grow. About 18 percent of alcoholics commit suicide. The research found that over fifty percent of all suicides are alcohol related or addiction. Among teenagers, the figure is higher with alcohol or drugs played a role in a 70 per cent of suicides.
The effects physical health
The effects on physical health associated with alcohol consumption may include cirrhosis, pancreatitis, epilepsy, polyneuropathy, alcoholic dementia, heart disease, increased risk of cancer, nutritional deficiencies, sexual dysfunction, and death from many sources. Serious problems cognitive are not rare in alcoholics. Approximately 10% of all dementia cases are making alcohol causes alcohol-related dementia second primary. Other adverse effects on physical health are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, a malabsorption syndrome, alcoholic liver disease and cancer. Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur through the consumption of alcohol continued.
Effects on mental health
Misuse of alcohol long term can cause a wide range of mental health effects. Alcohol abuse is not only toxic to the body, but also brain function and thus psychological well-being may be adversely affected by long-term effects of abuse. Psychiatric disorders are common among alcoholics, especially anxiety disorders and depression, with no less than 25% of alcoholics with serious psychiatric disorders. Typically these psychiatric symptoms caused by alcohol abuse initially worsen during withdrawal from alcohol but with abstinence these psychiatric symptoms tend to gradually improve or disappear completely. Psychosis, confusion and a syndrome Organic brain can be induced by chronic alcohol abuse can lead to a misdiagnosis of major mental health disorders such as schizophrenia. Panic disorder can develop as a direct result of alcohol abuse long term. Panic disorder may also aggravate or presented in As part of the syndrome of alcohol withdrawal. Chronic alcohol abuse can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen a panic disorder with underlying the distortion of the brain neurochemical system.
The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among the events comorbidity, a distinction is often made between depressive episodes are secondary to pharmacological or toxic effects of excessive alcohol and remit with abstinence, and depressive episodes that are primary and not to refer to abstinence. additional use other drugs may increase the risk of depression in alcoholics. Depressive episodes with an earlier onset of alcohol abuse or those who remain in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption are generally referred to as "independent" episodes while those who appear to be causally related to excessive consumption of alcohol are called "substance-induced." There is a high suicide rate among alcoholic suicide risk chronic increase a person drinks more. The reasons for believing that they cause an increased risk of suicide among alcoholics understand long-term abuse alcohol and physiological distortion of brain chemistry and social isolation is common among alcoholics. Suicide is also common among adolescents who consume alcohol, with fourth suicide among adolescents is related to alcohol abuse.
Social effects
Social problems arising from alcoholism can be massive and are caused in part because of major pathological changes induced in the brain and prolonged alcohol abuse in part due to the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol abuse is also associated with an increased risk to commit crimes, including child abuse, domestic violence, rape, robbery and assault. Alcoholism associated with job loss, which can lead financial problems, including loss of housing. Drinking at inappropriate times, and behavior caused by the decision Guests can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder or civil penalties for illegal behavior. Alcoholics is the behavior and mental impairment drunk can profoundly affect those around them and lead to isolation and fromfamily friends, which may lead to civil conflict and divorce, or contributing to domestic violence. This may contribute to loss of self esteem and even lead to prison. Alcoholism can also lead to neglect, damage sustained as a result of the emotional development of alcohol to children, even after adulthood.
Alcohol Abstinence
Main article: Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
alcohol withdrawal is very different of most other drugs, it can be directly fatal. For example, it is very rare that the withdrawal of heroin to be fatal. When people die heroin or cocaine withdrawal often have serious underlying health problems are exacerbated by the strain of acute withdrawal. An alcoholic however, has no serious health problems, has a risk of dying from the direct effects of withdrawal if not managed properly. drugs sedative-hypnotics such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines that have a mechanism of action similar to alcohol (which is also a sedative hypnotic) also have a similar risk of causing death during the withdrawal.
main effect of alcohol is increased in GABAA receptor stimulation, promotion depression of the central nervous system. With repeated use of heavy alcohol, these receptors are insensitive and reduced in number, which leads to tolerance and physical dependence. Thus, when alcohol is stopped, especially abruptly, the nervous system of the person suffering from synapses to fire control. This can cause symptoms such as anxiety, life-threatening attacks of delirium tremens, and hallucinations, tremors and heart failure possible.
acute withdrawal symptoms tend to decrease after one to three weeks. Less severe symptoms (eg, insomnia and anxiety, anhedonia) may continue through withdrawal since gradually improved with abstinence during one year or more. Withdrawal symptoms begin to disappear as the body and the central nervous system makes adjustments to reverse tolerance and restore GABA normal operation. Other neurotransmitter systems are involved, in particular glutamate and NMDA.
Diagnosis
Multiple tools are available for those wishing to conduct screening for alcoholism. Identification is an objective assessment of damage that alcohol makes the drinker's life compared to subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. Although there are many cases where lives are alcoholic was significantly damaged and of course there are always borderline cases that may be difficult to classify.
Addiction Medicine Specialists have extensive training in the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from alcoholism.
Screening
Several tools are used to detect loss of control consumption of alcohol. These tools are essentially self-assessments as a guest. Another common theme is the score or the leader who summarizes the severity Overall consumption of alcohol.
The CAGE questionnaire, named for its four questions, is an example that can be used to rapidly detect patients in the doctor's office.
Two positive answers indicate that the defendant should be studied further. The questionnaire asks the following questions:
Have you ever felt you needed to reduce their alcohol consumption?
People who criticize Annoyed by your drinking?
Have you ever felt guilty about drinking?
Have you ever felt that he needed a drink in the morning (the revelation) to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover?
The CAGE has proven very effective in detecting problems Alcohol, however, has its limitations in people with less serious alcohol-related white women and students.
Dependence Alcohol questionnaire data is a diagnostic test more sensitive than the CAGE. It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence a excessive consumption of alcohol.
The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentence for people convicted of alcohol, driving under the influence being the most common.
Consumption Alcohol Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization. This test has the particularity which has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, using a series of simple questions – a score school Secondary made a further examination.
The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT) was designed to detect problems related to alcohol among the participating emergency department of the hospital. It is in good agreement with the audit questionnaire, but is administered by a fifth time.
Predisposition genetic testing
Psychiatric geneticists John I. Nurnberger, Jr., and Laura Jean Bierut suggests that alcoholism is not a Simple geneticut causencluding that genes play an important role "by affecting processes in the body and brain that interact with that of an individual produce life experiences of protection or vulnerability. "They also report less than a dozen genes linked to alcoholism have been identified, but most likely they expect the discovery.
At least one genetic test exists for an allele that is correlated with alcoholism and addiction to opiates. The human genes for dopamine receptors have a detectable variation called DRD2 TaqI polymorphism. Those who have the A1 allele (variation) of this polymorphism have a small but significant tendency towards addiction to opiates and endorphin releasing drugs as alcohol. Although this allele is slightly more common in alcoholics and opiate addicts, it is not in itself a sufficient indicator alcoholism, and some researchers argue that evidence of DRD2 is contradictory.
DSM diagnosis
MSW-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence represents an approach to the definition of alcoholism. In part, this is to assist in the development of research protocols and the results can be compared. According to the DSM-IV alcohol dependence is:
… inappropriate consumption of alcohol to impaired manifests clinically significant by at least three of the following within one year: tolerance, withdrawal, taken in larger amounts or more than the course is intended;; desire or unsuccessful attempts to reduce or control the use of a wide range of time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from use and social, occupational or recreational activities abandoned or reduced continued use despite knowledge of physical or psychological consequences.
Urine and blood
There is reliable evidence of alcohol consumption, a common test is the alcohol content in blood (BAC). These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from nonalcoholics, however, consumption Long-term heavy has little recognizable effect on the body, including:
Macrocytosis (enlarged MCV) 1
Elevated GGT
moderate elevation AST and ALT and AST: ALT ratio of 2:1.
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT)
But none of these blood tests for biomarkers as sensitive as screening questionnaires.
Prevention
Since the riots of alcohol are perceived impact on society as a whole, the World Health Organization, the European Union and other regional organizations, national governments and parliaments have formed political alcohol to reduce the harm of alcoholism.
To fight against the health, social and academic failure resulting dependency alcohol or drug use among adolescents and young adults is considered an important step to reduce the harm caused by alcohol abuse. The age at which drug laws such as the abuse of alcohol can be purchased, and prohibit or restrict the advertising of alcohol has been recommended. Credible and evidence-based teaching units in the media about the consequences of alcohol and other drugs has also been recommended. Guidelines for parents on alcohol and drugs during adolescence and the targeting of young people with problems Mental health has also been suggested to prevent damage caused by alcohol and other drugs.
Administration
Treatments alcoholism (antidipsotropic) are very varied because there are multiple perspectives of the state itself. Those who approach alcoholism as an illness or disease recommend differing treatments, for example, those who approach the state as a social choice.
Most treatments designed to help stop their alcohol consumption, followed by the formation of life and / or social support to help hold off consumption of alcohol. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors that contribute to a person to continue drinking, they must all be taken into account to successfully prevent relapse. An example of this type of drug treatment followed by a combination of supportive therapy, participation in support groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. The treatment community for alcoholism typically supports an abstinence-based zero tolerance zero ", but there are some who promote a harm reduction approach as well.
Efficiency
When examining the effectiveness of treatment options, consider the success rate based on entering a program, not just those who completed. Since the completion of a training program for success, success among those who have completed a program is usually 100%. It is also important to consider not only the target rates get treatment, but the relapse rate. The results should also be compared with rates of about 5% for people of their own. A year after completing a rehabilitation program, approximately one third of alcoholics are sober, an additional 40 percent are substantially improved, but occasionally drink to excess, and a room full relapse.
Detoxification
Main article: Alcohol detoxification
alcohol detoxification or 'detox' for alcoholics is an abrupt consumption alcohol and substitution of drugs that have similar effects to avoid alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Detoxification treats the physical effects of prolonged use of alcohol, but does not treat alcoholism. After detox is complete, relapse is likely that without further treatment. These rehabilitations (or 'rehabs') may take place in a hospital or outpatient.
Therapy Psychotherapy group and
A regional service center Alcoholics Anonymous.
After detoxification, various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to treat underlying psychological problems that are related to alcohol dependence and to provide prevention skills relapse.
The approach of mutual aid group counseling is one of the most common is to help alcoholics maintain sobriety. Many organizations have been trained to provide this service. Alcoholics Anonymous was the first group, and has more members than all other programs combined. Among others, notably LifeRing Secular Recovery, Rational Recovery, SMART Recovery, and women for sobriety.
Rationing and moderation
Rationing and moderation programs such as moderation is not enough management mandate complete abstinence. Although most alcoholics are unable to limit their consumption of alcohol in this way, some return to moderate drinking water. A U.S. study in 2002 by the Institute National Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of people diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependence. A follow-up study, using the same issues that have been taken into account in the delivery in 2001-2002, examined the rates of return for alcohol problems during the period 2004-2005. The study found abstinence Alcohol was the most stable form of remission of recovering alcoholics. In the long term (60 years) followed by two groups of alcoholic men concluded that "a return to controlled drinking water rarely lasted more than a decade without relapse or changes in abstinence. "
Drugs
A variety of medications can be prescribed as a treatment for alcoholism.
The drugs currently used
Antabuse (disulfiram) prevents the elimination acetaldehyde, a chemical the body produces break when ethanol. Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many symptoms of a hangover from alcohol. The overall effect is severe discomfort when alcohol is ingested: a hangover uncomfortable rapid and sustainable action. This discourages an alcoholic drink in quantity significant, while taking the drug. A recent study of 9 years found that the incorporation of urea and compound supervised disulfiram related to a treatment program integral leads to a withdrawal rate of over 50%.
Temposil (carbimide calcium) works the same way as Antabuse, but is weaker and safer quote [kit].
Naltrexone is a competitive antagonist of opioid receptors, blocking our ability to use endorphins and opiates. Alcohol causes the body releases endorphins, therefore, when naltrexone is not to get drinkers body pleasure to consume alcohol. Naltrexone is used in two very different forms of treatment. The first treatment uses naltrexone to decrease alcohol cravings and promote abstinence. Another treatment, called pharmacological extinction, combines naltrexone with consumption habits normal to reverse the endorphin conditioning that causes alcohol. This results in a reduced desire to drink that persists after use naltrexone is interrupted, provided that the patient still taking naltrexone before drinking.
Naltrexone is available in two forms. Oral naltrexone (initially but not available as the brand ReVia) is a pill that must be taken one hour before drinking it to be effective. Vivitrol is an extended release formulation is injected on the buttocks once a month.
Acamprosate (also known as Campral) is thought to stabilize the chemical balance of brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the drug in 2004, saying: "While its mechanism action is unknown, we believe that Campral acts on the brain pathways related to alcohol abuse … Campral proved superior to placebo in maintaining abstinence for a short period of time … "The study has COMBINED been unable to demonstrate the effectiveness of acamprosate.
Experimental drugs
Many experimental drugs are in clinical trials for the treatment of alcoholism. The Promising results were obtained with anticonvulsant drugs normally used to treat epilepsy.
Topiramate (brand name Topamax), a natural derivative of sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has proven effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut down drinking. In a study heavy drinkers were six times more likely to remain abstinent one month when taking the drug, even in small doses. In another study, who received topiramate had fewer heavy drinking days, fewer drinks per day and more days of continuous abstinence than those receiving placebo. The data indicate antagonist of excitatory glutamate receptors topiramate inhibits the release of dopamine and improves the inhibitory function of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Examination 2008 effectiness topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, but at this stage, the data are insufficient to support the use topiramate advice on compliance as a petty officer first line for alcohol dependence.
Drugs that may worse results
Benzodiazepines, although useful in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, if it is used to cause long-term a worse outcome in alcoholism. alcoholic chronic benzodiazepines have a completion rate of abstinence from alcohol than those not taking not benzodiazepines. This class of drugs commonly prescribed for insomnia or alcoholics anxiety management. Implementation requirements benzodiazepines or sedative hypnotics in individuals in recovery have a high rate of relapse with an author of the report, over one quarter of people relapse after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Patients often mistakenly believe they are sober, despite continuing to take benzodiazepines. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be eliminated quickly, by tilting the plans were 612 months is to be the most successful, with a reduced intensity of withdrawal.
Dual Addiction
The definition of alcoholism refers WADA a pathological entity involving compulsive use of alcohol despite social, mental and physical damage. [Edit]. The definition of DSM-IV addiction to alcohol refers to alcohol only, and dependence DSM-IV sedatives used to designate the entity in which the disease sedatives and alcohol. [Edit]
Alcoholics may also require treatment with psychotropic drug. Dependence most common dual addiction to alcohol is one of the studies of benzodiazepine dependence showing 10-20% of people addicted to alcohol are problems of dependency and / or problems of abuse of benzodiazepines. Alcohol is a sedative hypnotic in itself and a tolerance crossed with other sedative hypnotics such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine. The dependence of other sedative hypnotics such as zolpidem and zopiclone, and opiates and illicit drugs is common among alcoholics. Dependence and withdrawal from sedative-hypnotics, For example, benzodiazepine withdrawal is similar to alcohol and can be medically serious and include the risk of psychosis and seizures if it is not managed properly. Benzodiazepine dependency requires a reduction of the dose carefully to avoid a withdrawal syndrome of benzodiazepines and consequences serious damage to health. Benzodiazepines have the problem of growing concern to the problem of alcohol drinkers. Benzodiazepines also increase the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers.
Epidemiology
disability-adjusted life during a year by the abuse of alcohol per 100,000 in 2002.
No data is less than 50 50-150 150-250 250-350 350-450 450-550 550-650 650-750 750-850 850-950 950-1050 more than 1050
Total recorded alcohol per year per capita consumption (15 +), in liters of pure alcohol
substance related disorders are major public health problem facing many countries. "The most common drug abuse and dependence in patients presenting for treatment of alcohol. "In the UK, the number of 'dependent drinkers' was calculated that more than 2.8 million in 2001. The World Health Organization estimates that 140 million people worldwide are addicted to alcohol. In the United States and Western Europe 10-20% of men and 5-10% of women at some point in their lives are fulfilled criteria for alcoholism.
In the medical and scientific communities, there is broad consensus on alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and claims that addiction is a disease chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug Despite the research and use often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and development factors (eg, stage maturity of the brain). "
Current data indicate that men and women, alcoholism is 50-60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% of environmental influences.
A 2002 study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism surveyed a group of 4422 adults who met criteria for alcohol dependence and found that after one year, some meet the criteria of authors of low risk, but only 25.5% of treatment group received, broken down as follows:
25% still dependent
Remission partial 27.3% (some symptoms persist)
11.8% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases chances of relapse)
35.9% recovered entirely up 17.7% were low risk drinkers, 18.2% more than abstainers.
In contrast, however, the results of a Long-term (60 years) followed by two groups of men alcoholics George Vaillant of Harvard Medical School, said: "the return to water controlled drinking rarely lasted more than a decade without relapse or progression of abstinence. "Vaillant also noted that the drink" Back to the control, as reported in short term studies, is often a mirage. "
History
Etymology
1904 ad alcoholism describing it as a disease.
The term "alcoholism" was first used in 1849 by Swedish physician Magnus Huss to describe the effects Systemic side of alcohol.
In the U.S., the use of the word "alcoholism" has been popularized by a large part of the founding and growth of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935 [citation needed]. basic text of AA, known as "Big Book" describes alcoholism as a disease that involves a physical allergy: p.xxviii and a mental obsession.: p.23 Note that the definition of "allergy" in this context is not the same as that used in modern medicine. . The medical specialist and Addiction Dr. William D. D. Silkworth wrote on behalf of AA Alcoholics suffer from a (Natural) desire beyond mental control. "
A 1960 study by E. Morton Jellinek is considered the foundation of the modern theory the disease of alcoholism. Jellinek definition has restricted the use of the word "alcoholism" to those who show a special natural history. The definition of modern medicine of alcoholism has been revised several times since. The American Medical Association currently uses alcohol word for a particular chronic primary disease.
A minority opinion in the field, in particular, advocated by Herbert Fingarette and Stanton Peele, argue against the existence of alcoholism as a disease. Critics of the model diseases tend to use the term "binge drinking" when considering the negative effects of alcohol consumption.
Society and Culture
The various health problems associated consumption of alcohol in the long term are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, amounts due to the loss of hours work, medical expenses and secondary treatment. Alcohol is a major factor contributing to brain injury, car accidents, violence and aggression. Beyond money, there is also pain and suffering of those affected, in addition to alcohol. For example, consumption alcohol by a pregnant woman can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, an incurable and damaging.
Estimates of economic costs of alcohol abuse, collected by the Organization World Health Organization, vary from one to six per cent of the GDP of a country. Australia A estimate the social costs of alcohol in 24 percent of all drug abuse costs, a similar study in Canada concluded from alcohol was 41 percent.
Study quantifies the cost to the UK of all forms of abuse of alcohol, 18.520 billion dollars annually (Figures 2001).
Stereotypes
Representation of a drunk or intoxicated people
Stereotypes of alcoholics are often found in fiction and popular culture. The town drunk "is a stock character in popular Western culture.
Stereotypes of drunkenness can be based on racism or xenophobia, as in the representation of the Irish as heavy drinkers.
Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley process of documenting the perceived prevalence of binge drinking among the Irish in the United States.
related crime alcohol
See also drug-related crime
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. If Please improve this section if possible. (July 2009)
In the adult population of the United States, at least 75% are drinkers, and about 6% of all group are alcoholics. In groups that are almost 100% Of the drinkers, the rate of alcoholism is about 8%. Many reports indicate that approximately 73% of offenses related to alcohol. A survey shows that about 67% cases against children, 41% of rape cases, 80% of battered women, stabbed 72% and 83% of homicides, whether perpetrator or victim or both had been drinking. "
In film and literature
In modern times, the movement of recovery has led to more realistic depictions of problems arising from excessive use of alcohol. Authors such as Charles R. Jackson and Charles Bukowski describe their own alcohol addiction in their writings. The disjointed narrative Patrick Rip Hamilton Square reflects the spirit its central character. A famous picture of alcoholism, and the psychology of an alcoholic, is Malcolm Lowry's novel Under the Volcano widely acclaimed, which details the last days of the British consul Geoffrey Firmin Day of the Dead in Mexico in 1939 and its decision to continue his drinking rather extreme than return to the woman he loves.
Films like Bad Santa, Barfly, Days of Wine and Roses, Ironweed, My name is Bill W., Withnail and I, Arthur, Leaving Las Vegas, when a man loves a woman, spirits broken and The Lost Weekend chronicle similar stories of alcoholism.
Women and Alcohol
Alcoholism is more common in men, although in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased. It is important to articulate different life forms and social manifesto alcoholism among women in order to understand the barriers to treatment and effective recovery strategies.
Gin Lane William Hogarth, 1751.
effects of biological and physiological differences
Biologically, women have symptoms profiles of alcohol differ significantly from men. The experience of a telescoping of the physiological effects of alcohol consumption. equal doses alcohol consumption by men and women generally lead to women with higher blood levels of alcohol (BAC). This can be attributed to several reasons, principally because women have less body water than men. A given amount of alcohol, thus becomes much more concentrated in the body of a woman. In addition to this, in fact, women are also more drunk, which is due to release of different hormones.
Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than male alcoholics. In addition, women have higher mortality rates levels of alcohol than men. Examples of complications during the term include the brain, heart and liver damage and increased risk of cancer breast (see alcohol and breast cancer). Also, the time consumption of alcohol abuse was found more than having a negative effect on reproductive performance in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation, decreased ovary weight, menstruation irregular, amenorrhea, dysfunctional luteal phase and early menopause.
The emotional and psychological effects
The psychiatric disorders are generally more common among people with alcohol problems. This is true both for men and women differ However, trouble between the sexes. Women with alcohol-related disorders often co-existing psychiatric diagnosis, such as major depression disorder Anxiety panic, bulimia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder. Men with alcohol problems are over often concurrent diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorders and antisocial, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit disorders and Hyperactivity momentum.
Women of alcoholism are also more likely to have a history of physical or sexual abuse and domestic violence among the general population. This trauma can lead to high levels of PTSD, depression, anxiety and dependence on alcohol has increased.
social barriers to treatment
The social attitudes and stereotypes about women and alcohol can create barriers to detection and treatment of women who abuse alcohol. Such beliefs stigmatize women who drink to be considered as "both general and indecent" or "fallen women". The fear of stigma can lead women to deny they are suffering from medical condition, to hide their alcohol and drinking alone. This trend, in turn, bring the family, doctors and others to be less likely to believe that the woman they know is an alcoholic.
However, social attitudes and stereotypes about men and Alcohol can reduce barriers detection and treatment of men who abuse alcohol. Such beliefs of men who drink reward be considered "both in general and sexual morality" or Resurrection Men. Reducing the fear of stigma can lead men to admit they suffer from a state of health, enhance your drinking, and drinking in groups. This trend in turn, bring the family, doctors and others to be more likely to believe that the man they know is an alcoholic. The Women also tend to have a greater fear of negative consequences of stigma that reflect the poverty of their families. This can also avoid Search Help.
Implications for treatment
The survey revealed a lack of appropriate training for practitioners in both the abuse alcohol in general and with regard to women's issues. The complexity of the problems of alcohol, especially in sex, the need professional knowledge, intelligence and compassion is great. Improving education and awareness of the environment the impact of alcoholism help gender care providers treat many women with alcoholism. Early intervention will also increase the chances of recovery.
See also
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to alcoholism
Wikimedia Commons has media related to alcoholism
Alcohol Consumption and Health
Alcoholism in family systems
alcoholic dementia
traffic accidents related to alcohol
alcohol tolerance
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Alcoholic lung disease
alcohol abuse
List of countries by alcohol consumption
Alcohol poisoning
E. Morton Jellinek
Ethanol Biochemical Discussion metabolism alcohol metabolism
Handbook on drug abuse and alcoholism
Hangover
List of deaths due to alcohol
Fight against drugs
Self-medication
Wernicke-Korsakoff
Willingway hospital
Diagnosis physicians detect alcohol
BAC
Bloodlines
liver function tests
Al-Anon and Alateen: Support groups for friends and families affected by alcoholism
References
^ The American Medical Association "Definitions"
^ Www.dictionary.com Definition: dipsomania
^ Glavas MM, Weinberg J (2006). "The consumption of alcohol stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. Yehuda S, Mostofsky DI. Nutrients, stress and medical conditions. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 165,183. ISBN 978-1-58829-432-6.
^ Agarwal-Kozlowski, K. Agarwal, DP. (April 2000). [Genetic predisposition alcoholism]. " There Umsch 57 (4): 17 984. PMID 10804873.
^ Chen, CY. Storr, CL., Anthony JC. (March 2009). "Early initiation of drug use and the risk of addiction.". Addictive Behaviors 34 (3): 31 922. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021. PMID 19022584.
^ Vodka kill many Russians as a war, according to a report published in The Lancet. Times Online. June 27, 2009.
^ Morse RM, Flavin DK (August 1992). "The definition of alcoholism. The Board of Directors of the National Council on Alcoholism and drug abuse and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to study the definition and criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism. "JAMA: the journal the American Medical Association 268 (8): 10124. doi: 10.1001/jama.268.8.1012. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 1501306.
Abc ^ VandenBos, R. Gary (July 15, 2006). APA dictionary psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-59147-380-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OSoZAQAAIAAJ.
^ Heritage Dictionaries American Editors (April 12, 2006). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-70172-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uPCFIQAACAAJ. "To use wrongly or improperly, the abuse of alcohol"
^ "Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005." USA: health.gov. 2005. http://www.health.gov/DIETARYGUIDELINES/dga2005/document/html/chapter9.htm. Dietary Guidelines]
^ Grant, BF., Dawson, DA. (1997). "Age Start drinking and its association with alcohol abuse in DSM-IV dependence and Results: From the Survey National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiological Survey ".. J Subst Abuse new: 10,310. Doi: 10.1016/S0899-3289 (97) 90009-2. PMID 9494942.
^ ab "age Early drinking may first change the dependence Tween risk drinking among young people. "Medical News Today. September 21, 2009. Http: / / www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164576.php.
^ Bowden, SC.; The crew, FT., Bates, ME., Fals-Stewart, W., Ambrose, ML. (February 2001). "The neurotoxicity of alcohol impairment and neurocognitive disorders and drug use: potential role in dependence and .. "Clin Exp Res Alcohol 25 (2): 31 721. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02215.x. PMID 11236849.
^ Bierut, LJ., Schuckit, MA., Hesselbrock, V., Reich, T. (2000). "Factors co-existing risk for alcoholism and smoking usual ".. Alcohol Res Health 24 (4): 23 341. PMID 15986718.
^ Agrawal, Arpana; Sartor, Carolyn E.; Lynskey, Michael T. Grant, Julia D.; Pergadia, Michele L.; Grucza, Richard Bucholz, Kathleen K. Nelson, Elliot C. et al. (2009). "The evidence of an interaction between age the first drink and genetic influences on alcohol dependence symptoms in DSM-IV. "Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 33: 2047. Doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01044.x.
^ Enoch, MA. (December 2006). "The genetic and environmental influences on the development of Alcoholism: Resilience to risks .. "Ann NY Acad Sci 1094: 193 201. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1376.019. PMID 17347351.
^ Abc McCully, Chris (2004). Goodbye, Mr. Wonderful. Alcohol, and faster recovery .. The publishers of London: Jessica Kingsley. ISBN 978-1-84310-265-6. http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents.
^ Dunn, N; Cook (March 1999). "The psychiatric aspects of alcohol .." Hospital of Medicine (London, England: 1998) 60 (3): 16 972. ISSN 1462-3935. PMID 10476237.
^ Wilson, Richard; Kolanda, Cheryl A. (2003). Preventing drug abuse: a school and community partnerships. Sudbury Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 4045. ISBN 978-0-7637-1461-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cm1MfcBSucUC.
^ Miller, NS, Gold Mahler (1991). "The risk suicide related to drug and alcohol dependence .. "Journal of Addictive Diseases 10 (3): 4961. DOI: 10.1300/J069v10n03_06. ISSN 1055-0887. PMID 1932152.
Professor Georgi ab ^ Bakalkin (July 8, 2008). "Alcoholism associated molecular adaptations in brain neurocognitive circuits. eurekalert.org. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-07/econ-ma070808.php. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ D Müller, RD Koch, H von Specht, Vlker W, MNCH MS (March 1985). [Neurophysiological findings in alcohol abuse] review "(in German). Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 37 (3): 12932. PMID 2988001.
^ G Testino (2008). "Alcoholic liver disease, gastro-enterology: the point of view." Hepatogastroenterology 55 (82-83): 3717. PMID 18613369.
^ Oscar-Berman, Marlene, Ksenija Marinkovic (2003). "Alcoholism and the brain: an overview." Alcohol Health Res 27 (2): 12533. PMID 15303622.
^ Wetterling T, Junghanns K (September 2000). Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence. "Eur Psychiatry 15 (8): 4838. doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338 (00) 00519-8. ISSN 0924-9338. PMID 11175926.
^ Schuckit MA (November 1983). "The alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders. "Hosp Community Psychiatry 34 (11): 10227. ISSN 0022-1597. PMID 6642446.
Cowley DS ^ (January 24, 1992). "The abuse of alcohol, drug and panic disorder. "Am J Med 92 (1A): 41S48S. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343 (92) 90136-Y. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 1346485.
Cosci ^ F; Schruers, KR, Abrams, K; Grieze, EJ (June 2007). "The problems of alcohol and panic disorder: a review of the evidence a direct relationship. J Clin Psychiatry 68 (6): 87 480. Doi: 10.4088/JCP.v68n0608. ISSN 0160-6689. PMID 17592911.
^ Grant BF, Harford TC (October 1995). "The comorbidity of alcohol use and DSM-IV depression major: results of a national survey. "Alcohol or drug Count 39 (3): 197 206. DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716 (95) 01160-4. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 8556968. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0376871695011604.
^ Kandel DB, Huang year, M Davies (October 2001). "Comorbidity between patterns of dependence substances and psychiatric syndromes. "Alcohol or drug Count 64 (2): 23 341. DOI: 10.1016/S0376-8716 (01) 00126-0. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 11543993.
^ JR Cornelius Bukstein O, Salloum I, Clark D (2003). "Alcohol and psychiatric comorbidity." Later Dev Alcohol 16: 36174. DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47939-7_24. ISSN 0738-422X. PMID 12638646.
Schuckit M ^ (June 1983). "The alcoholic patients with depression secondary." IJ Psychiatry 140 (6): 7114. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 6846629. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6846629.
^ Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Bergman M, Reich W, Hesselbrock VM TL Smith (July 1997). "Comparison of induction and independent major depressive disorders in 2945 alcoholics." IJ Psychiatry 154 (7): 94 857. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 9210745. Http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view = PMID = 9210745 & Long.
^ MA Schuckit, JE Tipp, KK Bucholz (October 1997). "The rate of life of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders alcoholics and controls. "Addiction 92 (10) 1289304. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02848.x. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 9489046. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl ? genre = article & sid = nlm: pubmed & issn = 0965-2140 & date = 1997 & volume = 92 & issue = 10 & spage = 1289.
^ Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP (November 2007). "A comparison of factors associated with substance-induced depressions cons independent." J Stud Alcohol Drugs 68 (6): 80 512. ISSN 1937-1888. PMID 17960298.
^ O'Connor, Rory; Sheehy, Noel (29 Jan. 2000). Understanding suicidal behavior. Leicester: BPS Books. pp. 3337. ISBN 978-1-85433-290-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=79hEYGdDA3oC.
Isralowitz ^, Richard (2004). Drug use: a manual reference. Saint Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 122,123. ISBN 978-1-57607-708-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X0mxxfbIbp4C.
Langdana ^, Farrokh K. (March 27, 2009). Macroeconomic Policy: Demystifying Monetary and Fiscal Policy (2nd ed.). Springer. P. 81. ISBN 978-0-387-77665-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GCYWQn79JYwC.
^ Gifford, Mary (October 22, 2009). Alcoholism (Biographies of Disease). Greenwood Press. pp. 8991. ISBN 978-0-313-35908-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2OJV12astRUC.
^ Schad, Petrus Johannes (October 2006). Encyclopedia of Medicine and Health. Books media abroad. pp. 132,133. ISBN 978-1-60136-001-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j8DuEHxSCU4C.
^ Galanter, Marc Kleber, Herbert D. (July 1, 2008). The manual reflects American Psychiatric treatment addiction (4th ed.). U.S.: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. p. 58. ISBN 978-1585622764. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC.
^ Dart, Richard C. (December 1, 2003). Medical Toxicology (3rd ed.) USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 139,140. ISBN 978-0781728454. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qDf3AO8nILoC.
Idemudia ^ SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin. "Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (2): 11 522. Doi: 10.1016/0893-133X (89) 90014-6. ISSN 0893-133X. PMID 2742726.
^ G Martinotti, Nicola MD, Queen, D, Andreoli S, Jib, F, Cunniff, A; Antonioni, F, Bria, P et al. (2008). The syndrome of prolonged alcohol withdrawal: the role of anhedonia. Evil Subst Use Use 43 (3-4): 27 184. DOI: 10.1080/10826080701202429. ISSN 1082-6084. PMID 18365930.
Stojek ^ A; Madejski, J; Dedeli, E, Janicki, K (May-June 1990). [Correction of symptoms of withdrawal at the end of the joint administration of homatropine solution of 5 (ratio%] Preliminary). "Psychiatr Pol 24 (3): 195 201. ISSN 0033-2674. PMID 2084727.
^ Le Bon O, Murphy JR, Staner L, Hoffmann G; Kormoss, N; Kento, M, Dupont, P, Leon, K al. (August 2003). "In double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: the polysomnographic and clinical evaluations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23 (4): 37 783. Doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000085411.08426.d3. ISSN 0271-0749. PMID 12920414.
Sanna ^, E; Mostallino Mk; Busonero, F, Talan, G, Tranquilli S, Mameli M, Spiga, S; Follese, P et al. (December 17, 2003). "Changes in GABA (A) the expression receptor gene associated with selective alterations in receptor function and pharmacology after ethanol withdrawal. "The Journal of Neuroscience: the official journal of the Society Neuroscience 23 (37) 1171124. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 14684873. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/23/37/11711.
Idemudia ^ SO, Bhadra S, Lal H (June 1989). "The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin. Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (2): 11 522. DOI: 10.1016/0893-133X (89) 90014-6. PMID 2742726.
Chastain ^, G (October 2006). "Systems neurotransmitters alcohol, and behavior .. "The Journal of General Psychology 133 (4): 32 935. DOI: 10.3200/GENP.133.4.329-335. ISSN 0022-1309. PMID 17128954.
Ewing JA ^ (October 1984). "Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 252 (14): 19057. Doi: 10.1001/jama.252.14.1905. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 6471323.
CAGE ^ (PDF)
^ Dhalla, S., Kopec, YA. (2007). "The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol abuse: A review of studies of reliability and validity .. "Clin Invest Med 30 (1): 33-41. PMID 17716538.
Alcohol Dependence questionnaire data ^ (SADD)
^ Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST)
^ AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use primary care
^ Smith, SG, Touquet R, Wright S, Das Gupta, N (September 1996). "The detection of alcohol in accidents and ER patients: the Paddington alcohol test (PAT). "Journal of emergency medicine and accidents (British Association for Emergency Medicine) 13 (5): 308 312. DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh049. ISSN 1351-0622. PMID 8894853. PMC 1,342,761. http://emj.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/5/308?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=Paddington+Alcohol+Test&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype HWCIT = HWELTR. Accessed 19/11/2006.
Ab ^ John Nurnberger, Jr., John I., and Laura Bierut. "Seeking the Connections: Alcoholism and our genes." Scientific American, April 2007, Vol 296, No. 4.
↑ New York Daily News (William Sherman) Test targets genes Addiction February 11, 2006
U ^ Berggren, C. Fahlke, E. Aronsson (September 2006). "Taqi DRD2 A1 allele is associated with alcohol-dependence although its effect size is small" (Free full text). Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 41 (5): 47 985. DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agl043. ISSN 0735-0414. PMID 16751215. http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/5/479.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ^ Mental Disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. July 31, 1994. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W-BGAAAAMAAJ.
^ Jones, AW. (2006). "Urine as a biological specimen for forensic analysis of alcohol and variability in the relationship of urine with blood .. "Rev Toxicol 25 (1): 15-35. PMID 16856767.
^ Das, SK., Dhanya, L., Vasudevan, DM. (2008). "Biomarkers alcoholism: an updated review .. "Scand J Clin Lab Invest 68 (2): 81-92. DOI: 10.1080/00365510701532662. PMID 17852805.
World Health Organization ^ (2010). "Alcohol". http://www.who.int/topics/alcohol_drinking/en/.
^ "Alcohol Policy in the European region WHO: Current Status and Future Prospects "(PDF). World Health Organization. September 12, 2005. http://www.euro.who.int/document/mediacentre/fs1005e.pdf.
^ Crew, F., He, J., Hodge, C. (February 2007). "Adolescent Development cortex: a critical period of addiction vulnerability .. "Pharmacol Biochem Behavior 86 (2): 18 999. 10.1016 / j.pbb.2006.12.001 DOI:. PMID 17222895.
ab ^ Gabbard: "Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders." Published by the American Psychiatric Association: 3rd edition, 2001, ISBN 0-88048-910-3
^ RG Smart (April 1976). "The spontaneous recovery in Alcoholics: a review and analysis of available research. "drugs and alcohol dependence (4): 27 785. DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716 (76) to 90,023 5. ISSN 0376-8716. PMID 797563.
^ Based on information from Dr. Mark Willenbring of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, in February 2007 issue of Newsweek – Adler, Jerry, Anne Underwood, Kelley, Raina; Springen, Karen Breslau, Karen. "Rehab Reality Check" Newsweek, 19/02/2007, Vol 149. Issue 8, p44-46, 3p, 4c
^ Dawson, A. Deborah, Grant, Bridget F., Stinson, S. Frederick, Chou, Patricia S., Huang, Boji, Ruan, W. June (2005). "The resumption of alcohol dependence of DSM-IV: United States, 2001-2002." Addiction 100 (3): 281. Doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00964.x. PMID 15733237. Http: / / 142.htm pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29-2/131-.
^ Dawson, A. Deborah Goldstein, Ris B., Grant, Bridget F. (2007). "Rates and correlates of relapse in people in remission from alcohol dependence in DSM-IV: a 3-year follow-up. "Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 31: 2036. DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00536.x.
^ Vaillant, GE (2003). "At age 60, followed by alcoholic men." Addiction (Abingdon, England) 98 (8): 104 351. PMID 12873238.
^ Krampe H, Stawicki S, Wagner T (January 2006). "Follow-up of 180 alcoholic patients up to 7 years after outpatient treatment: deterrent impact of alcohol in the final. "Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 30 (1): 8695. DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00013.x. ISSN 0145-6008. PMID 16433735.
^ "FDA approves new drug for the treatment of alcoholism." http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/answers/2004/ANS01302.html. Accessed 04/02/2006. "
^ "The naltrexone or specialized alcohol counseling to effective treatment for alcohol dependence upon delivery management doctor. "02/05/2006. Http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NewsEvents/NewsReleases/COMBINERelease.htm.
^ New treatments alcoholism (mouse to human) http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mouse-man/200901/potential-treatments-alcoholism-and-drug-addiction
BA Johnson ^, N Ait-Daoud, CL Bowden (May 2003). "Oral Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 361 (9370): 167,785. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (03) 13370-3. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 12767733.
^ Swift RM (May 2003). "Topiramate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: Home abstinence. "Lancet 361 (9370): 16,667. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (03) 13378-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 12767727.
^ Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA (October 2007). "Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 298 (14): 164,151. DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.14.1641. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 17925516. http://jama.ama-assn. org/cgi/content/full/298/14/1641.
^ CL Olmsted, DR Kockler (October 2008). "Topiramate for alcohol dependence." Ann Pharmacother 42 (10) 147 580. DOI: 10.1345/aph.1L157. ISSN 1060-0280. PMID 18698008.
Lindsay ^, SJE, Powell, E. Graham, eds (July 28, 1998). The manual of clinical application (2nd ed.). Routledge. P. 402. ISBN 978-0415072151. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a6A9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA380.
^ Gitlow, Stuart (October 1, 2006). Substance-related disorders: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 52, 103 121. ISBN 978-0781769983. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rbrSdWVerBUC.
^ Johansson BA, Berglund M, Hanson M, C Phln, Persson I (November 2003). "Dependence licit substances among alcoholics "(PDF). Alcohol Alcohol. 38 (6): 6138. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agg123. ISSN 0735-0414. PMID 14633651. http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi / Reprint/38/6/613.
^ CX Poulos, M Zack (November 2004). "Low Dose Diazepam first motivation related to alcohol-drinkers semantic networks of the alcohol problem. "Behaviors Pharmacol 15 (7): 50 312. Doi: 10.1097/00008877-200411000-00006. ISSN 0955-8810. PMID 15472572.
^ Report on the global alcohol 2004
ab ^ Cabinet Office Strategy Unit Alcohol: How much does it cost? September 2003
^ Conference WHO European Ministerial on youth and alcohol
^ WHO to meet representatives of the beverage company to discuss issues related to alcohol health
^ "Alcoholism". Encyclopdia Britannica.
^ Ab http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/388/sci_drug_addiction.pdf
^ Dick DM, Bierut LJ (April 2006). "The genetics of alcohol dependence." Current Psychiatry Reports 8 (2): 1517. doi: 10.1007/s11920-006-0015-1. ISSN 1523-3812. PMID 16539893.
^ National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 2001-2002 Survey Finds recover a lot of alcoholism Thursday, January 18, 2005.
^ GE Vaillant (August 2003). "A 60-year follow-up of men alcoholics." Addiction. 98 (8): 104 351. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00422.x. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 12873238.
^ Alcoholismus chronic eller alkoholssjukdom Chronisk:. Stockholm und Leipzig. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wt6r2Zw8sCEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&ots=TTCBeEzjQ2&sig=jxuMZ5wgL48SZjvu1PcwXIdjFJw # Ppp1, M1. Accessed on 19/02/2008.
Ab ^ Anonymous, The first 100 members of AA (1939, 2001). [Alcoholics Anonymous Www.aa.org: the history of several thousand men and women have recovered from alcoholism]. City Services New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World. xxxii, 575 pp. ISBN 1893007162. www.aa.org.
^ "Book Reviews Big Auto. intoaction.us. http://www.intoaction.us/SelfTest.html. Accessed on 19/02/2008.
^ Kay AB (2000). General Vision Allergy and allergic diseases: with a view of the future. "Br Med Bull. 56 (4): 84 364. 10.1258 / 0007142001903481 DOI:. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 11359624.
XXVI Alcoholics Anonymous ^ p
^ "Oct. 22 death." todayinsci.com. http://www.todayinsci.com/10/10_22.htm. Retrieved on 2008-02-18.
^ CDC. (2004). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Can be downloaded http://www.cdc.gov/fas/faspub.htm
^ Streissguth, A. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing. ISBN 1-55766-283-5.
^ "Report on the global situation Alcohol 2004 (PDF). World Health Organization. Http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
^ "Economic cost of alcohol." World Health Organization Global Database of alcohol. http://www.who.int/globalatlas/dataQuery/objectInterface.asp?objID=359&boCat=&p=null&lvl=0&catID=520700000000&level=2. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
^ "Q & A: The cost of alcohol." BBC. 19/09/2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3122244.stm.
^ "The World / Global Alcohol / Beverage consumption in 2007. "Http: / / www.finfacts.ie / Private / bestprice / alcoholdrinkconsumptionpriceseurope.htm.
^ "The World of drunkards: The Irish. "Http: / / clippednews.wordpress.com/2007/03/14/the-worlds-drunks-the-irish /.
^ Stivers, Richard (2000). Hair of the dog Drinking in Ireland and its American stereotype. London: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1218-1.
^ Http: / / www.enotalone.com/article/5540.html
H. Abc ^ Walter, K. Gutierrez, KI Ramskogler Hertling, A. Dvorak, Lesch OM (June 2003). 'The gender differences in alcoholism: implications for treatment. " Women's Mental Health Records 6: 253 268. DOI: 10.1007/s/00737-003-0014-8 (inactive 04/04/2009).
Karrol ABCDEF ^ Brad R. (2002). "Women and disorders alcohol consumption: a review of important knowledge and its implications for social work professionals. Journal of Social Work 2 (3): 337 356. DOI: 10.1177/146801730200200305 …. About the Author

I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about baby tricycle , toddler bibs.